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Foundations and soils, you should understand that they range all the way from organics, like pits and things like that, to bedrock, which could be anywhere from 8,000 PSF to 10,000 to 12,000, sometimes you see even 15,000, 16,000 PSF; pounds per square foot capacity. If you see anything that has anything that looks like a word that says something like organic, the answer is no, you cannot put anything on it.
The something useful is going to be something along the lines of sands, silt, gravel, and clay. It's almost never all of one thing. Sometimes it is, but almost never. Sometimes you'll see it written out as 1,000 PSF.
But then there's always this balanced question. That balanced question is, if I have a building and I'm trying to put in my little foundation here, and well, I'm only getting 1,500 PSF at my typical foundation level, I have to have a pretty massive foundation there in order to make that hold up a great big building. So maybe that's okay. Maybe I'm willing to spend the money on that foundation. Or maybe instead, I'm going to be willing to do something that reaches down with some caisson and it gets down to my bedrock which has much, much higher. So is it cheaper and better to use these columns of these caissons that gets us some really serious capacity? Or is it just cheaper and better to have it be shallower? I don't have to dig down as far and I have a big massive strip. There's no easy way to answer that. That's a kind of thing you just have to be able to answer on the fly, because it's going to depend on water table levels. It's going to depend on how big a load is it actually. All of those things.
Strip foundations, raft foundations. A raft is quite likely to show up because it's unusual. A raft foundation is where the soil is just stuck. It's considered a raft and it's literally floating on top of that soil. It's pretty rare because two foot thick with a whole lot of rebars is very expensive for most structures. But there are certain situations if it's that or going down 120 feet with caissons, then you might choose the raft.
Piles, you've probably all heard of, like wood piles, steel piles, and then caissons. One thing that they often like to talk about is the belling out of caissons in order to make the bottom lighter. Caissons are essentially the idea of giant concrete columns that reach down to really good bearing capacity soil. It's just like you're building a building on stilts and it happens to be soil around the stilts.
Mike: So the question was if you have an atypical shape on a building in the grading vignette, would you actually bring the contours, like the swales or things into your crevices? The answer is it depends. Typically, it's not really going to matter. What you're looking at, generally, is big picture. If you think of the rain hitting the upper part of the site and flowing across the site, you're just trying to move it around the issues. So it's possible that you would want to have it touch in to those kind of crevices, but probably not. You're trying to keep it as simple as you can, but still answer all the issues.
You're going to find no matter what you do, there's going to be a little spot that's still going to drain a three foot area that's going to drain onto your site.
Yeah. If you're talking about percent slopes, if it says a 20% slope, think of that as 20 vertical compared to 100 horizontal. So the hundred is always the horizontal, and that's the baseline. Then you have to translate that into something useful for yourself. So 20% slope, or a 20 to 100, is the same as one to five. Therefore, a one foot vertical contour, if it's five feet apart to the next one on the plan, then that means that's a 20% slope. So you can see it very quickly and easily, but it's always that the 100 baseline is always the horizontal.
We'll actually be adding some more. I've been thinking about it a little bit and we'll be adding some more to that list. For this particular one, the one that I love and I think is just a brilliant easy book with very simple drawings on it, is called "Sun, Wind and Light." It's really a great book. There's a number of different versions of it. Any of the versions are fine. It has very, very simple graphics that are super explanatory. I steal them all the time when I'm doing lectures. It talks about orientation. It talks about wind patterns. It talks about shapes of buildings and how the shape of the building impacts the flow of the wind. So if you're trying to talk about where should the patio go, you can start thinking about the shape of the roof and it will affect the location where you might put things. It's very simple and straightforward, and yet, incredibly detailed.
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